用户名英文_用户名英文怎么说

上一章我们基于Django实现了一个简单的“学习笔记”Web应用程序。这个Web应用程序存在一个问题：A用户可以访问B用户的学习笔记。本章我们将

 

上一章我们基于Django实现了一个简单的“学习笔记”Web应用程序这个Web应用程序存在一个问题：A用户可以访问B用户的学习笔记本章我们将新增accounts应用程序，建立一个身份注册和验证系统，支持用户登录、用户注册和用户管理自己创建的主题等功能。

项目改进1.新增accounts应用程序Django项目由多个应用程序组成，它们协同工作，让项目成为一个整体我们新增应用程序“accounts”，执行如下命令：pythonmanage.pystartapp。

accounts会生成accounts目录：

2.注册accounts应用程序在项目配置文件settings.py中添加自定义应用：

3.注册accounts应用程序URL匹配定义修改项目urls.py，将accounts应用程序的URL匹配定义注册到项目中：from django.contrib import admin from django.urls import path, include urlpatterns = [ path(

admin/, admin.site.urls), path(, include(accounts.urls, namespace=accounts)), path(, include(

learning_logs.urls, namespace=learning_logs)), ]4.创建登录和注册页面1）URL模式在“accounts”中新建urls.py："""Defines URL patterns for accounts."""

from django.urls import path, include from . import views app_name = accounts urlpatterns = [

# Include default auth urls. path(, include(django.contrib.auth.urls)), # Registration page. path(

register/, views.register, name=register), ]2）视图修改“accounts”中的views.py，从数据库获取和处理数据后，传递给模板根据数据渲染出界面：from

django.shortcuts import render, redirect from django.contrib.auth import login from django.contrib.auth.forms

import UserCreationForm defregister(request):# 注册新用户if request.method != POST: # 生成一个空表单 form = UserCreationForm()

else: # 处理用户创建表单. form = UserCreationForm(data=request.POST) # 检查表单数据if form.is_valid(): new_user = form.save()

# 登录并且重定向到主页. login(request, new_user) return redirect(learning_logs:index)

# 将表单放入上下文传递到模版渲染. context = {form: form} return render(request, registration/register.html, context)

3）模版在“accounts”中新建目录“templates”及其子目录“registration”，并且在“registration”中创建login.html和register.html完整目录结构：。

login.html:{% extends learning_logs/base.html %} {% block content %} {% if form.errors %}

用户名或者密码不对，请重新输入

{% endif %} {% csrf_token %} {{ form.as_p }} 。

登录 {% endblock content %}register.html:{% extends "learning_logs/base.html" %} {% block content %}

{% csrf_token %} {{ form.as_p }} <

buttonname="submit">注册 {% endblock content %}修改“learning_logs/templates/learning_logs”下的base.html：

学习笔记 - 主题

- {% if user.is_authenticated %} 你好, {{ user.username }}. {% else %}

>注册 - 登录 {% endif %}

{% block content %}{% endblock content %} {% if user.is_authenticated %}

{% csrf_token %}

>注销 {% endif %}修改项目settings.py，新增如下配置，设置登录或者注销重定向的页面：LOGIN_REDIRECT_URL = learning_logs:index

LOGOUT_REDIRECT_URL = learning_logs:index

5.限制访问没有登录的情况下，访问主题等相关链接，应该重定向到登录页面修改“learning_logs"的view.py"使用@login_required限制访问from django.shortcuts 。

import render, redirect from django.contrib.auth.decorators import login_required from django.http import

Http404 from .models import Topic, Entry from .forms import TopicForm, EntryForm defindex(request)

:"""The home page for Learning Log."""return render(request, learning_logs/index.html) @login_required

deftopics(request):"""Show all topics.""" topics = Topic.objects.filter(owner=request.user).order_by(

date_added) context = {topics: topics} return render(request, learning_logs/topics.html, context)

@login_requireddeftopic(request, topic_id):"""Show a single topic and all its entries.""" topic = Topic.objects.get(id=topic_id)

# Make sure the topic belongs to the current user.if topic.owner != request.user: raise Http404 entries = topic.entry_set.order_by(

-date_added) context = {topic: topic, entries: entries} return render(request, learning_logs/topic.html

, context) @login_requireddefnew_topic(request):"""Add a new topic."""if request.method != POST:

# No data submitted; create a blank form. form = TopicForm() else: # POST data submitted; process data.

form = TopicForm(data=request.POST) if form.is_valid(): new_topic = form.save(commit=

False) new_topic.owner = request.user new_topic.save() return redirect(

learning_logs:topics) # Display a blank or invalid form. context = {form: form} return render(request,

learning_logs/new_topic.html, context) @login_requireddefnew_entry(request, topic_id):"""Add a new entry for a particular topic."""

topic = Topic.objects.get(id=topic_id) if request.method != POST: # No data submitted; create a blank form.

form = EntryForm() else: # POST data submitted; process data. form = EntryForm(data=request.POST)

if form.is_valid(): new_entry = form.save(commit=False) new_entry.topic = topic new_entry.save()

return redirect(learning_logs:topic, topic_id=topic_id) # Display a blank or invalid form. context = {

topic: topic, form: form} return render(request, learning_logs/new_entry.html, context) @login_required

defedit_entry(request, entry_id):"""Edit an existing entry.""" entry = Entry.objects.get(id=entry_id) topic = entry.topic

if topic.owner != request.user: raise Http404 if request.method != POST: # Initial request; pre-fill form with the current entry.

form = EntryForm(instance=entry) else: # POST data submitted; process data. form = EntryForm(instance=entry, data=request.POST)

if form.is_valid(): form.save() return redirect(learning_logs:topic, topic_id=topic.id) context = {

entry: entry, topic: topic, form: form} return render(request, learning_logs/edit_entry.html, context)

修改项目settings.py，新增如下配置，设置跳转页面：LOGIN_URL = accounts:login

6.将数据关联到用户我们需要将数据关联到用户，修改模型Topic，新增关联到用户的外键；历史已有Topic数据迁移；还要修改相关的视图和模版1）修改模型Topic修改“learning_logs"的models.py:。

from django.db import models from django.contrib.auth.models import User classTopic(models.Model):"""A topic the user is learning about."""

text = models.CharField(max_length=200) date_added = models.DateTimeField(auto_now_add=True)

# 新增关联到用户的外键，User是默认提供的类 owner = models.ForeignKey(User, on_delete=models.CASCADE) def__str__

(self):"""Return a string representation of the model."""return self.text classEntry(models.Model):

"""Something specific learned about a topic.""" topic = models.ForeignKey(Topic, on_delete=models.CASCADE) text = models.TextField() date_added = models.DateTimeField(auto_now_add=

True) classMeta: verbose_name_plural = entriesdef__str__(self):"""Return a simple string representing the entry."""

returnf"{self.text[:50]}..."2）历史已有Topic数据迁移我们之前已经创建了部分Topic，需要将这些数据迁移到指定用户，默认选择admin用户使用Django Shell查看admin用户的用户ID：。

pythonmanage.pyshell

我们得到了admin用户的用户ID：1，执行“生成数据迁移SQL相关的py文件”命令：pythonmanage.pymakemigrationslearning_logs选择选项1，设置默认值1:

执行数据迁移：pythonmanage.pymigrate完成数据迁移后，查看迁移数据：

3)限制用户管理自己创建的主题修改“learning_logs"的views.py：修改topics函数，只能查询用户自己创建的主题；修改topic函数，检查是否为当前登录用户；修改edit_entry函数检查是否为当前登录用户；

修改new_topic函数，设置创建主题的关联用户from django.shortcuts import render, redirect from django.contrib.auth.decorators 。

import login_required from django.http import Http404 from .models import Topic, Entry from .forms import

TopicForm, EntryForm defindex(request):"""The home page for Learning Log."""return render(request,

learning_logs/index.html) @login_requireddeftopics(request):#只能查询用户自己创建的主题 topics = Topic.objects.filter(owner=request.user).order_by(

date_added) context = {topics: topics} return render(request, learning_logs/topics.html, context)

@login_requireddeftopic(request, topic_id):"""Show a single topic and all its entries.""" topic = Topic.objects.get(id=topic_id)

# 检查是否为当前登录用户if topic.owner != request.user: raise Http404 entries = topic.entry_set.order_by(

-date_added) context = {topic: topic, entries: entries} return render(request, learning_logs/topic.html

, context) @login_requireddefnew_topic(request):"""Add a new topic."""if request.method != POST:

# No data submitted; create a blank form. form = TopicForm() else: # POST data submitted; process data.

form = TopicForm(data=request.POST) if form.is_valid(): new_topic = form.save(commit=

False) #设置创建主题的关联用户 new_topic.owner = request.user new_topic.save()

return redirect(learning_logs:topics) # Display a blank or invalid form. context = {form: form}

return render(request, learning_logs/new_topic.html, context) @login_requireddefnew_entry(request, topic_id)

:"""Add a new entry for a particular topic.""" topic = Topic.objects.get(id=topic_id) if request.method !=

POST: # No data submitted; create a blank form. form = EntryForm() else:

# POST data submitted; process data. form = EntryForm(data=request.POST) if form.is_valid(): new_entry = form.save(commit=

False) new_entry.topic = topic new_entry.save() return redirect(learning_logs:topic

, topic_id=topic_id) # Display a blank or invalid form. context = {topic: topic, form: form}

return render(request, learning_logs/new_entry.html, context) @login_requireddefedit_entry(request, entry_id)

:"""Edit an existing entry.""" entry = Entry.objects.get(id=entry_id) topic = entry.topic

#检查是否为当前登录用户if topic.owner != request.user: raise Http404 if request.method != POST:

# Initial request; pre-fill form with the current entry. form = EntryForm(instance=entry)

else: # POST data submitted; process data. form = EntryForm(instance=entry, data=request.POST)

if form.is_valid(): form.save() return redirect(learning_logs:topic, topic_id=topic.id) context = {

entry: entry, topic: topic, form: form} return render(request, learning_logs/edit_entry.html, context)

7.切换到中文环境Django默认使用英文和UTC时区，比如：鉴权页面中的用户名会显示"UserName"可以通过修改项目的setting.py文件切换到中文环境LANGUAGE_CODE = zh-hans。

TIME_ZONE = Asia/Shanghai

项目测试1.完整目录结构

2.启动服务器pythonmanage.pyrunserver3.使用浏览器访问http://127.0.0.1:80004.显示默认主页

5.点击主题当前未登录，会跳转到登录界面。

6.点击注册

按照填写要求输入用户名（test）和密码，如果不符合要求，会提示错误。

完成注册后，会跳转到主页，显示“你好，test”:

7.点击主题显示当前主题列表：

创建新主题：

显示新创建的主题：

点击主题名称，创建新条目：

显示创建的新条目：

点击编辑条目，保存修改：

显示编辑过的条目：

点击学习笔记，回到主页：

点击注销，退出登录：

点击登录，输入用户名密码：

登录成功后，跳转到主界面：