洞穴寓言_柏拉图洞喻揭示了什么道理

Aeon video || Plato\x26#39;s Allegory of the Cave

 

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视频详情 Warning: this film features rapidly flashing images that can be distressing to photosensitive viewers.

友情提示：这部短片快速闪烁的图像可能会造成光敏观众的视觉不适‘It is the task of the enlightened not only to ascend to learning and to see the good but to be willing to descend again to those prisoners and to share their troubles and their honours, whether they are worth having or not. And this they must do, even with the prospect of death.’ – Plato’s Republic, Book 7。

“开悟者的任务不仅是提升到学习的高度，看到事物好的一面，而且要愿意再降回到那些被囚禁者的身上，分担他们的烦恼，分享他们的荣耀，不管他们是否值得拥有这是他们必须做的，即使面临死亡的危险”——柏拉图（Plato），《理想国》（第7卷）。

Plato’s ‘allegory of the cave’ thought experiment ponders the experience of prisoners shackled in a cave from birth, only able to see the shadows of objects projected onto a wall. The text then traces the journey of a prisoner who is set free from the cave, given the opportunity to experience reality in the glow of the sun, and, upon returning to the cave, is met with laughter by the other prisoners, who think him a fool for struggling to readjust to his old existence. A simple story yielding complex commentaries on the nature of reality and wisdom, Plato’s timeless allegory is built into the foundations of modern philosophy, and, more than two centuries later, still stirs debate. Carried by a rich narration from Orson Welles, this rarely seen 1973 animated adaptation of Plato’s words populates the tale with haunting human figures, bringing retro-surreal life to the parable.

柏拉图的“洞穴寓言”思维实验思考的是一名囚犯从出生起就被锁链囚禁在洞穴里，只能看到投射在墙上物体的影子然后这位囚犯被释放，他有机会体会太阳洒在身上的真实，接着，他回到洞穴，却遭到其他犯人嘲笑，他们认为他很愚蠢、挣扎着重新适应他原本洞穴生活。

这个简单的故事可以作为对真实和智慧的本质的复杂评注，柏拉图这则永不过时寓言建立在现代哲学的基础上，并且，在两个多世纪之后，仍然激起无数论辩奥森·威尔斯（Orson Welles）的通过丰盈的叙述，改编了柏拉图的这一作品，于1973年（制作了）这部罕见的动画片，让这个故事充满令人难忘的人物形象，将超现实主义生活带入了寓言中。

ScriptWhat is reality, knowledge, the meaning of life? Big topics you might tackle figuratively explaining existence as a journey down a road or across an ocean, a climb, a war, a book, a thread, a game, a window of opportunity, or an all-too-short-lived flicker of flame.

什么是事实，什么是知识，什么是生活的意义？你可以用打比方的修辞方式来解释这些宏大的话题，比如把存在解释成沿着一条路走下去，或者跨越海洋，一次攀登，一场战争，一本书，一条线，一场游戏，一个机会之窗，或者是转瞬即逝的火花。

2,400 years ago, one of historys famous thinkers said life is like being chained up in a cave, forced to watch shadows flitting across a stone wall. Pretty cheery, right? Thats actually what Plato suggested in his Allegory of the Cave, found in Book VII of The Republic in which the Greek philosopher envisioned the ideal society by examining concepts like justice, truth and beauty. In the allegory, a group of prisoners have been confined in a cavern since birth, with no knowledge of the outside world. They are chained, facing a wall, unable to turn their heads, while a fire behind them gives off a faint light. Occasionally, people pass by the fire, carrying figures of animals and other objects that cast shadows on the wall. The prisoners name and classify these illusions, believing theyre perceiving actual entities. Suddenly, one prisoner is freed and brought outside for the first time. The sunlight hurts his eyes and he finds the new environment disorienting. When told that the things around him are real, while the shadows were mere reflections, he cannot believe it. The shadows appeared much clearer to him. But gradually, his eyes adjust until he can look at reflections in the water, at objects directly, and finally at the Sun, whose light is the ultimate source of everything he has seen. The prisoner returns to the cave to share his discovery, but he is no longer used to the darkness, and has a hard time seeing the shadows on the wall. The other prisoners think the journey has made him stupid and blind, and violently resist any attempts to free them.

两千四百年前，一位历史上著名的思想家说，生活就像被锁在山洞里，被迫看着石墙上来去匆匆的影子很有趣的比喻，对吧？这就是著名的柏拉图洞穴寓言，记载在《理想国》第七章里，在这个寓言中，这位希腊哲学家通过检验诸如正义、真理和美等概念来构想一个理想的社会。

在洞穴寓言中，一群囚犯自出生以来就被囚禁在洞穴中，对外面的世界一无所知他们被锁链囚禁着，面对着墙，不能回头，而他们身后的火发出微弱的光偶尔，人们路过火堆，带着动物和其他东西，在墙上投下影子囚犯们给这些幻影命名、分类，认为他们看到的是真实的存在。

突然，一名囚犯被释放并第一次被带出监狱阳光亮得让他睁不开双眼，他发现新的环境让他晕头转向当有人告诉他，他周围的一切事物都是真实的，那些影子只是倒影时，他不相信影子在他看来要清楚得多但是慢慢地，他的眼睛适应了外面的光线，可以看清静水中的倒影，亲眼看到了各种事物，最后可以看到太阳，正是阳光让他看到了这一切。

犯人回到山洞，想要分享他的发现，但他已经适应不了昏暗的洞穴了，很难再看清墙上的影子其他囚犯认为这次旅行使他变得愚蠢，甚至眼睛都变瞎了，并坚决地抵制任何释放他们的行为Plato introduces this passage as an analogy of what its like to be a philosopher trying to educate the public. Most people are not just comfortable in their ignorance but hostile to anyone who points it out. In fact, the real life, Socrates was sentenced to death by the Athenian government for disrupting the social order, and his student Plato spends much of The Republic disparaging Athenian democracy, while promoting rule by philosopher kings. With the cave parable, Plato may be arguing that the masses are too stubborn and ignorant to govern themselves. But the allegory has captured imaginations for 2,400 years because it can be read in far more ways. Importantly, the allegory is connected to the theory of forms, developed in Platos other dialogues, which holds that like the shadows on the wall, things in the physical world are flawed reflections of ideal forms, such as roundness, or beauty.

柏拉图讲述这个故事是要类比试图教育大众的哲学家大部分人不但安于自己的无知，而且对任何指出这一点的人充满敌意实际上，历史上的苏格拉底因扰乱社会秩序的罪名被雅典政府判处死刑，他的学生柏拉图在《理想国》中花了很大篇幅批判（当时的）雅典民主，并提倡应由哲学家统治国家。

借助洞穴寓言，柏拉图可能是在论证，大众太过固执无知，以至于无法自我治理但两千四百年来，这个寓言不断启发人们的想象，因为它有很多的解读方式重要的是，这个寓言与柏拉图的其他对话中提出的形式理论有关，该理论认为，像墙上的阴影一样，物质世界中的事物是对理想形式的不完美映射，比如圆或美。

In this way, the cave leads to many fundamental questions, including the origin of knowledge, the problem of representation, and the nature of reality itself. For theologians, the ideal forms exist in the mind of a creator. For philosophers of language viewing the forms as linguistic concepts, the theory illustrates the problem of grouping concrete things under abstract terms. And others still wonder whether we can really know that the things outside the cave are any more real than the shadows. As we go about our lives, can we be confident in what we think we know? Perhaps one day, a glimmer of light may punch a hole in your most basic assumptions. Will you break free to struggle towards the light, even if it costs you your friends and family, or stick with comfortable and familiar illusions? Truth or habit? Light or shadow? Hard choices, but if its any consolation, youre not alone. There are lots of us down here.

以这种方式，洞穴寓言引出了许多基本问题，包括知识的起源、再现的问题和现实自身的本质对于神学家来说，理想的形式存在于造物主的意念中对于将形式视为语言概念的语言哲学家来说，该理论说明了将具体事物归为抽象术语的问题。

还有一些人仍然怀疑我们是否真的能知道洞穴外的东西比墙上的影子更真实就比如我们的人生，我们能对我们自以为知道的东西充满信心吗？也许有一天，一束光也会打破你最基本的认识你是否会挣脱着走向光明，即使那意味着失去你的朋友和家人，还是会固守在舒适熟悉的幻象之中？追求真理还是固守陈规？选择光明还是匿于阴影？两难的选择，但不要担心，不只你一人有这样的感觉。

我们很多人都是这样

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